Effect of protein addition in properties of gels produced with jackfruit (Artocarpus integrifolia) seed starch: rheological and texture properties.

Starches and proteins are two major types of biopolymer components in many foods. The interactions of protein with starches greatly influence the matrix structure and properties of starch-based food systems. In this study, the physical-chemical properties and the effect of the commercial whey protein concentrate in the texture and rheological properties of jackfruit starch gels were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized, using a 4 × 4 complete factorial scheme, with four levels of starch (3, 6, 9 and 12%) and four levels of protein (0, 2, 4 and 6%). In higher concentrations of starch the addition of proteins delayed the beginning of gelatinization, led to an increase in G' and G″ and decrease in the tan (δ) values, characterizing the gel as strong, e.g., the gel network became more structured. However, in the treatment with 6% starch the addition of protein led to a decrease in gel strength. For gels with 9% starch the increase in protein concentration, led a slight increase in the hardness and cohesiveness, characterizing a more rigid and cohesive gel. Overall, gels with 3 and 6% of starch showed characteristic behavior of a weak gel and with 9 and 12% of strong gel. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05793-1.

Physicochemical and thermal characterization of babassu oils (Orbignya phalerata Mart.) obtained by different extraction methods.

Babassu oil is a raw material widely used in the pharmaceutical and biofuels industry. However, its physical-chemical and thermal characteristics are not widely described in the literature. This article describes these characteristics and, thus, seeks to increase the application of this raw material in the food industry. In this work, two different types of babassu oils, extra-virgin and virgin, were studied. The physicochemical characteristics, lipid profile, composition of the triacylglycerol and thermal properties of both oils were determined. Moreover, the crystallization and melting behavior was determined and the FTIR-ATR spectra of the oils acquired. The results show that the main fatty acids present are medium-chain and the type of extraction modifies the amounts of fatty acids present in each type of oil. Despite this, its physical-chemical characteristics and thermal properties are the same, except color and thermal stability, where extra-virgin oil is lighter and more stable than virgin babassu oil.

Extraction and characterization of native starch obtained from the inhambu tuber.

Starch is the main carbohydrate consumed by humans, obtained from many vegetable sources and known for its non-toxicity, applications and low cost. The aim of this work was the extraction and study of characteristics of non-conventional starch arising from inhambu (Dioscorea trifida L.). Chemical, physicochemical, thermal, morphological, structural and technological properties were evaluated. The starch yield percentage obtained from the extraction, starch and amylose contents of inhambu starch were considerably high, 22.76%, 84.56% and 36.82% respectively. Native starch presented high purity due the low ash, protein and fat content. The thermogravimetric analysis shown 69% weight loss in a 293.12-476.59 °C temperature range and the endothermic peak was at 100.0 °C. The starch granule morphology shown spherical shapes and smooth surfaces and size ranging from 5.06 to 14.59 µm. Considering the unique starch characteristics, its application in different industrial sectors can be foreseen.

Improvement of texture properties and syneresis of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) starch gels by using hydrocolloids (guar gum and xanthan gum).

BACKGROUND: The incorporation of hydrocolloids into starch dispersions modifies their techno-functional properties, such as gelatinization, retrogradation, syneresis, and texture, among others. Their main function is to improve these properties and to promote greater stability of starch gels. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding colloids (guar gum and xanthan gum) on the texture properties (hardness, elasticity, cohesiveness, and gumminess) and syneresis of the starch gels made from the common variety of arrowroot. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression were carried out to analyze the effects of the treatments and variables with their respective interactions. RESULTS: The addition of guar gum and xanthan gum influenced the stability of the starch gels studied, and it was capable of reducing syneresis even at low concentrations, with a greater effect for xanthan gum. Both gums were capable of inhibiting syneresis at concentrations above 0.5%, throughout the storage time studied (5 days). The addition of these hydrocolloids was also shown to influence the following texture parameters: hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess, but showed no effect on gel elasticity. CONCLUSION: The addition of hydrocolloids was shown to be an alternative way of increasing the stability and enhancing the textural properties of the starch gels in arrowroot. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Avaliação da atividade antioxidante e determinação de constituintes fenólicos em frutos de pupunha e mandacaru / Evaluation of antioxidant activity and determination of phenolic constituents in fruits of pupunha and mandacaru

A preservação da biodiversidade passa pela valorização de alimentos regionais, como a pupunha e o mandacaru. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antioxidante (AA) e o teor de constituintes fenólicos totais (CFT) nesses frutos. Foi realizada a caracterização físico-química, a determinação da AA pelo método do DPPH e de CFT. As análises de pH, acidez titulável total, acidez em ácido cítrico, sólidos solúveis totais e relação SST/AT foram iguais a 6,17; 5,75%, 0,25 g/100 g, 9,17°Brix e 36,32, respectivamente, para a pupunha, e 4,36, 3,94%; 0,37 g/100 g, 4,75°Brix e 12,91, respectivamente, para o mandacaru. A AA da pupunha foi de 10,99% e 270,33 mg EAG.100 g-1, no extrato etanólico, e 8,31% e 177,00 mg EAG.100 g-1, no extrato metanólico. Para o fruto de mandacaru, a AA foi de 27,05% e 940,18 mg EAG.100 g-1, no extrato etanólico, e 30,40% e 1157,99 mg EAG.100 g-1, no extrato metanólico. Dado o elevado teor de CFT, os frutos são potencialmente alimentos funcionais.

Efeito da adição de óleo de licuri (Syagrus coronata) e Tween 80 em filme de amido de araruta (Maranta arundinacea L. ) / Effect of the addition of licuri oil (Syagrus coronata) and Tween 80 in a film of araruta starch (Maranta arundinacea L. )

O objetivo de trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição de óleo de licuri nas propriedades do filme a base de amido de araruta (bioplástico). Foram elaborados dois filmes, um conteúdo óleo de licuri e outro sem o óleo na formulação. Os filmes foram caraterizados através de analises de espessura, solubilidade, atividade de água, permeabilidade a vapor de água, ensaios de tração e analise de cor. Os resultados apontaram que o óleo de licuri reduziu a resistência á tração, o modulo de Young, a atividade de água, a solubilidade e a luminosidade dos filmes de amido de araruta. Além disso, a adição do óleo levou à um aumento da espessura e permeabilidade ao vapor de água. A adição de óleo de licuri influenciou de forma favorável algumas propriedades do filme a base de amido de araruta.

Propriedades de pasta e morfologia do amido de araruta do Vale do Jiquiriçá - BA / Properties of paste and morphology of araruta starch of Vale do Jiquiriçá - BA

O amido é a principal fonte energética da alimentação humana e possui diversas funcionalidades tecnológicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades de pasta e a morfologia dos grânulos de amido de araruta. As propriedades viscoamilográficas do amido de araruta do Vale do Jiquiriçá e industrializado foram, respectivamente: viscosidade máxima de 7532 cP e 6865 cP, quebra da viscosidade de 4449 cP e 5378 cP, viscosidade final de 4897 cP e 2946 cP, retrogradação de 1814 cP e 1459 cP, tempo de pico 6,53 min e 5,73 min e temperatura de pasta igual a 71,05°C e 63,10°C. Os grânulos têm estrutura oval de tamanhos variados e danos na sua estrutura, possivelmente causados na extração. Essa caracterização serve como base para a determinação das condições ideais de processamento e usos em potencial para a indústria de alimentos.

Rheological and textural studies of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) starch-sucrose-whey protein concentrate gels.

The aim of this work was to study the effect of adding whey protein concentrate and sucrose on the rheological and textural properties of the gels obtained from arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) starches. It was found that the starches evaluated presented low levels of protein, ash, lipids and acidity. Arrowroot starch of the common and round root varieties presented 17.80 and 35.96% of amylose content, respectively. The swelling power of the starch from common variety was higher than that of the round root but the solubility index was lower. Dynamic rheological measurement showed strong gel behavior and formulated gels with 4% sucrose and 1% protein were more elastic than the other formulations. Gels formulated with starch of the round root presented a higher gelatinization temperature than gels formulated with the common. The firmness of gels was directly proportional to the sucrose level, while the increase in the protein content led to reduction in the same.

Characterization of starch-based bioplastics from jackfruit seed plasticized with glycerol.

Biodegradable films based on starches from different botanical sources exhibited physicochemical and functional properties which were related with the starch characteristics. However, had inadequate mechanical properties and were hard and brittle. In this research, jackfruit seed starch plasticized with glycerol were developed and characterized. The starch and glycerol concentrations ranged from 2 to 6% w/w and 20 to 60 g/100 g starch, respectively. Bioplastics were obtained by the casting method and characterized in terms of color, mechanical properties, solubility, water vapor permeability (WVP), morphology and free energy of the hydrophobic interaction. Electronic micrographics showed the presence of some intact starch granules. The bioplastics were hydrophilic and those of 6% starch and 40% glycerol were the most hydrophilic ([Formula: see text] = 41.35 mJ m-1). The solubility of the films presented a direct relationship with the starch concentration ranging from 16.42 to 23.26%. Increased opacity and color difference were observed with increasing starch concentration. The WVP ranged from 1.374 × 10-3 to 3.07 × 10-4 g m/day m2 which was positively related with the concentration of starch and glycerol. Tensile strength, percent elongation and Young's Modulus indicated that the jackfruit starch and glycerol provided a film with good mechanical properties. The results replaced that jackfruit starch can be used to develop films, with low opacity, moderate WVP and relatively high mechanical stability, by using glycerol in the gelatinized starch dispersions.

The Impact of Heat-Moisture Treatment on the Properties of Musa paradisiaca L. Starch and Optimization of Process Variables.

Starch stability under the processing conditions can be improved by modifying the granule structure using chemical and/or physical processes. The effect of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) on the physicochemical, morphological, pasting and thermal properties of green banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) starch was investigated. To analyze the changes in starch properties due to the combined effect of the process variables, time (h), moisture (%), and temperature (°C) were considered as independent variables using a central composite rotatable design. The native starch extracted using ammonium hydroxide as an antioxidant contained 80.4% total carbohydrates, 53.7% apparent amylose, 11.46% moisture, and other constituents (ash, protein, lipids), which accounted for less than 1%. The granule morphology was affected by the moisture and temperature used in HMT. A and B type X-ray diffraction patterns were observed in the native and modified starch. Mathematical models that describe the behaviour of modified starch properties as a function of the evaluated parameters were obtained. The variables time and temperature significantly affected the physicochemical, rheological and digestibility properties of starch.

Immobilization of sugars in supermacroporous cryogels for the purification of lectins by affinity chromatography.

Lectins are glycoproteins that bind to carbohydrates or glycoconjugates by specific interactions. The specificity of lectins to various carbohydrates is a determinant factor in the choice of ligand for the chromatographic matrix when using chromatography as a lectin purification technique. In this work, the immobilization of three different aminated carbohydrates on the surface of macroporous polymeric cryogels was evaluated. Carbohydrates were immobilized on cryogel surfaces via the glutaraldehyde method to create spacer arms, reducing steric hindrance. The immobilized N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and N-acetyl-d-mannosamine concentrations contained approximately 130mg of carbohydrate/g dehydrated cryogel, while the N-acetyl-d-galactosamine contained 105mg of carbohydrate/g dehydrated cryogel. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the physical structure and porosity of the chromatographic columns were not affected by the immobilization process, maintaining an elevated hydration capacity and the macroporous structure of the cryogels. Adsorption of concanavalin A on cryogels functionalized with N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (cryo-d-GlcNAc) was tested, as well as its reuse capability. After 5 cycles of use, cryo-d-GlcNAc was shown to be stable, with an adsorptive capacity of around 50mg/g. Carbohydrate immobilization in polyacrylamide cryogels was satisfactory, with promise for applications in lectin purification processes.

Development of supermacroporous monolithic adsorbents for purifying lectins by affinity with sugars.

Affinity techniques are frequently used to purify biocompounds, because of specific interactions observed in many cases. One example are the lectins, proteins connected in a reversible manner and specific to carbohydrates or sugar-containing molecules. Four different methods were investigated (epoxy, Schiff base, glutaraldehyde and ethylenediamine) to immobilize the carbohydrate N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (d-GlcNAc) on the surface of supermacroporous cryogels made for lectin purification. The glutaraldehyde method presented the highest immobilization capacity of d-GlcNAc (147.77mg/g), while the ethylenediamine method presented the lowest capacity (32.47mg/g). FTIR spectra analysis confirmed the presence of the immobilized carbohydrate. The cryogels containing d-GlcNAc immobilized by the different methods were characterized in terms of swelling capacity, degree of expansion, porosity and constituent fractions. Results showed that the activation methods did not affect the macroporous structure. Images obtained from scanning electron microscopy evidenced the presence of interconnected macropores in the structure of the cryogels produced. The cryogels presented even lower flow resistance in the permeability analysis. Finally, the cryogel modified by the glutaraldehyde method was used in the Concanavalin A lectin adsorption process, presenting an adsorptive capacity of 44.49mg/g and high stability after five cycles of use.

Formulação de quibes com farinha de semente de jaca / Formulation of meatballs with jackfruit seed flour

Experimentos visando à utilização de resíduos das indústrias de alimentos vêm sendo conduzidos com frequência na tentativa de suprir as necessidades nutricionais diárias com fontes de proteínas eficientes e economicamente viáveis à população em geral. A substituição de alimentos proteicos de origem animal por alimentos proteicos de origem vegetal vem sendo realizada na tentativa de utilização de novas fontes alimentares com boas propriedades tecnológicas e nutritivas. No presente estudo objetivou-se o aproveitamento da farinha de semente de jaca (Artocarpus integrifólia, L) na produção de quibes. Foram produzidos quibes com substituição parcial e integral da farinha comercial (triguilho) por farinha de semente de jaca na proporção de 20% (Tipo I), 40% (Tipo II), 60% (Tipo III), 80% (Tipo IV) e 100% (Tipo V), e quibes Padrão sem a farinha de semente de jaca. Os quibes foram avaliados quanto à composição físico-química e análise sensorial. Determinou-se por meio de questionário o perfil de consumidores de quibes. Os quibes obtidos com 0% (Padrão), 20% (Tipo I), 40% (Tipo II) e 60% (Tipo III) de farinha de semente de jaca tiveram maior aceitação pelos consumidores. A maioria dos consumidores de quibe em estudo era do sexo feminino, jovens, e consumiam quibe ocasionalmente durante o lanche. A composição química dos quibes crus não diferiram significativamente (p>0,05) em relação ao teor de proteína bruta, pH e lipídios totais. Os quibes na sua forma frita obtiveram valores superiores e inferiores de lipídios e umidade, respectivamente, comparados com os quibes crus. Quanto ao teor de fibra bruta, a amostra Tipo V diferenciou da amostra Padrão, Tipo I, Tipo II e Tipo III, confirmando a alta quantidade de fibras do farelo da semente de jaca. Assim, por elevar o valor nutricional do produto sem alterar significativamente suas propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais, a utilização da farinha de semente de jaca como substituto parcial da farinha comercial é viável.

Experiments aiming to use residues of food industries have been carried out frequently in a effort to supply the daily nutritional needs with effective sources of proteins and economically viable for the general population. Products of animal origin have been replaced by products of plant origin in order to use new dietary sources with good nutritional and technological properties. The aim of the present study was to use the seed flour of Jackfruit (Artocarpus integrifolia, L) to product meatballs. Meatballs were produced with total and partial replacement of commercial flour (Wheat middling) by Jackfruit seed flour in the proportion of 20% (Sample Type I), 40% (Type II), 60% (Type III), 80% (Type IV) and 100% (Type V) and without jackfruit seed flour (Standard). The samples were evaluated for physicochemical composition and sensory characteristics. The profile of meatballs consumers was determined through a questionnaire. The meatballs made with 0% (Standard) of jackfruit seed flour, 20% (Type I) 40% (Type II) and 60% (Type III) presented greater acceptance by consumers. The majority of consumers was young female, and ate meatball at lunch. Concerning the chemical composition of raw meatballs, the crude protein, the pH and the total lipids were not significantly different (p> 0.05). The fried meatballs presented upper values of lipid and lower values for moisture than the raw meatballs. The crude fiber content for Sample Type V was different from the samples Standard, Type I, Type II and Type III, which shows the high amount of bran fiber from the seed of Jackfruit. Thus, by increasing the nutritional value of the product without changing physicochemical and sensory characteristics significantly, the use of Jackfruit seed flour as a partial substitute of commercial flour is viable.